< IFIH1 < FAP GCA > Inflammatory skin disease 2.00e-12 SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 1.00e-11 1.15 G Ulcerative colitis 2.00e-10 1.09 A Vitiligo 6.00e-25 1.30 G EQTL Fairfax 2014 IFIH1 IFN induction Inflammatory bowel disease Psoriasis 1.00e-08 1.18 T SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 4.00e-08 1.15 T Selective IgA deficiency 4.00e-15 1.43 Systemic lupus erythematosus 3.00e-07 1.17 T Type 1 diabetes 2.00e-11 1.18 A* Type 1 diabetes 7.00e-9 Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies 2.00e-14 1.20 C Psoriasis 3.00e-11 1.33 T C C C C A A A A E C A A A A A A A A C C C C A C C C C C C C C C -25kb 0 +25kb +50kb +75kb Tooltip
View Mode Credible Sets LD Summary (0.6 r2 threshold, 1KGp3:EUR)

Summary (IFIH1 TSS Ensembl 93:chr2:162,318,703)

Association Results

Display Name Phenotype Source Year Index
Variant
Allele Pvalue OR/Beta Credible Set Show Curator Comment
Response to paliperidone in schizophrenia (negative Marder score) Li Q; Genome-wide association study of paliperidone efficacy. 2017 rs76799118 T 3.00e-06 5.87
Non-cancer illness code, self-reported: hypothyroidism/myxoedema UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs2111485 G
Audited
7.84e-13 0.00
Non-cancer illness code, self-reported: hypothyroidism/myxoedema UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs78456138 T
Audited
1.46e-08 -0.01
Non-cancer illness code, self-reported: hypothyroidism/myxoedema UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs72871627 G
Audited
3.92e-07 -0.01
Non-cancer illness code, self-reported: hypothyroidism/myxoedema UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs984971 G
Audited
5.45e-09 0.00
Non-cancer illness code, self-reported: psoriasis UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs2111485 G
Audited
3.36e-08 0.00
Treatment/medication code: oestradiol product UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs76082546 C
Audited
3.49e-08 0.00
Treatment/medication code: cialis 10mg tablet UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs13422273 T
Audited
8.52e-10 0.00
Treatment/medication code: levothyroxine sodium UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs2111485 G
Audited
8.84e-11 0.00
Treatment/medication code: levothyroxine sodium UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs984971 G
Audited
5.03e-08 0.00
Underlying (primary) cause of death: ICD10: C02.9 Tongue, unspecified UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs80323851 G
Audited
1.81e-07 0.01
Underlying (primary) cause of death: ICD10: C14.0 Pharynx, unspecified UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs75583423 T
Audited
1.17e-10 0.01
Underlying (primary) cause of death: ICD10: C20 Malignant neoplasm of rectum UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs72871628 T
Audited
1.93e-07 0.02
Underlying (primary) cause of death: ICD10: K74.6 Other and unspecified cirrhosis of liver UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs80139450 G 1.60e-07 0.02
Underlying (primary) cause of death: ICD10: X42.0 Home UK Biobank Rapid GWAS 2017 rs76518093 C 3.28e-08 0.01
Selective IgA deficiency Bronson PG; Common variants at PVT1, ATG13-AMBRA1, AHI1 and CLEC16A are associated with selective IgA deficiency. 2016 rs1990760 4.00e-15 1.43
Systemic lupus erythematosus Morris DL; Genome-wide association meta-analysis in Chinese and European individuals identifies ten new loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. 2016 rs2111485 3.00e-06 1.15
Vitiligo Jin Y; Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. 2016 rs2111485 G 6.00e-25 1.30
Systemic lupus erythematosus Bentham J; Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. 2015 rs1990760 T 4.00e-08 1.15
Psoriasis Yin X; Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel associations and ethnic heterogeneity of psoriasis susceptibility. 2015 rs1990760 T 1.00e-08 1.18
Inflammatory bowel disease Liu JZ; Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. 2015 rs1990760 4.00e-10
Psoriasis Yin X; Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel associations and ethnic heterogeneity of psoriasis susceptibility. 2015 rs1990760 T 1.00e-07 1.19
Psoriasis Yin X; Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel associations and ethnic heterogeneity of psoriasis susceptibility. 2015 rs3747517 T 3.00e-11 1.33
Psoriasis Yin X; Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel associations and ethnic heterogeneity of psoriasis susceptibility. 2015 rs3747517 T 1.00e-18 1.30
Ulcerative colitis Liu JZ; Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. 2015 rs2111485 A 2.00e-10 1.09
Inflammatory skin disease Baurecht H; Genome-wide comparative analysis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis gives insight into opposing genetic mechanisms. 2015 rs2111485 2.00e-12
Systemic lupus erythematosus Bentham J; Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. 2015 rs2111485 G 1.00e-11 1.15
Psoriasis Tsoi LC; Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity. 2012 rs2111485 G 3.00e-08 1.14
Vitiligo Jin Y; Genome-wide association analyses identify 13 new susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo. 2012 rs2111485 G 5.00e-15 1.30
Inflammatory bowel disease Jostins L; Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. 2012 rs2111485 A 2.00e-08 1.07
Type 1 diabetes Plagnol V; Genome-wide association analysis of autoantibody positivity in type 1 diabetes cases. 2011 rs1990760 C 2.00e-14 1.20
Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies Plagnol V; Genome-wide association analysis of autoantibody positivity in type 1 diabetes cases. 2011 rs1990760 C 2.00e-14 1.20
Immunoglobulin A Ferreira RC; Association of IFIH1 and other autoimmunity risk alleles with selective IgA deficiency. 2010 rs1990760 7.00e-10 1.49
Type 1 diabetes Barrett JC; Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes. 2009 rs1990760 7.00e-09
Systemic lupus erythematosus Gateva V; A large-scale replication study identifies TNIP1, PRDM1, JAZF1, UHRF1BP1 and IL10 as risk loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. 2009 rs1990760 T 3.00e-07 1.17
Type 1 diabetes Todd JA; Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes. 2007 rs1990760 A 2.00e-11 1.18
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Association Details

1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description
Page:

pQTL Results

Display Name Phenotype Source Year Index
Variant
Allele Pvalue OR/Beta Credible Set Show Curator Comment
Page:

pQTL Details

1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description
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eQTL Results

Display Name Tissue Gene Source Year Index
Variant
Pvalue Beta Effect
Allele
Credible Set Show Curator Comment
Nerve Tibial FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs3788967 2.55e-05 0.56 0
Adrenal Gland GCA GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs34977319 6.34e-06 -0.77 0
Thyroid FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs2389683 2.67e-05 0.45 0
Cells Transformed fibroblasts FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs6746339 1.67e-06 0.34 0
Thyroid FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs16846600 4.53e-06 0.51 0
Thyroid FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs11455810 2.91e-05 0.44 0
Muscle Skeletal FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs35544136 1.58e-05 0.67 0
Artery Tibial FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs3827491 5.19e-07 0.43 0
Cells Transformed fibroblasts FAP GTEx Consortium; Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. 2015 rs12468578 7.80e-06 0.36 0
Monocytes IFIH1 Fairfax BP; Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression. 2014 rs2111485 1.19e-08 5.85 12
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Variants of Interest

LD Summary Name Non-Reference Allele Location Gene Protein Change Polyphen f(NFE) f(Max)
rs141572054 T 162,359,145 GCA p.Arg186Ter 0.002 0.012
rs146161584 G 162,359,091 GCA p.Ser168Gly possibly damaging 0.000 0.010
rs758193923 T 162,352,402 GCA p.Tyr86Phe probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs17783344 G 162,352,383 GCA p.Ser80Ala benign 0.126 0.209
rs754396914 C 162,352,371 GCA p.Cys76Arg probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs79565841 T 162,352,367 GCA p.Gln74His probably damaging 0.004 0.004
rs545281061 - 162,347,739 GCA p.Gln64ArgfsTer14 0.000 0.004
rs774170639 A 162,347,656 GCA p.Asp36Asn benign 0.000 0.001
rs1403164634 G 162,318,102 IFIH1 p.Gly69Ala benign 0.000 0.001
rs147278787 A 162,318,079 IFIH1 p.Arg77Trp possibly damaging 0.001 0.003
rs760903088 T 162,317,977 IFIH1 p.His111Asn benign 0.000 0.001
rs146721166 C 162,317,872 IFIH1 p.Ile146Val benign 0.000 0.005
rs74162075 C 162,310,909 IFIH1 p.Asn160Asp probably damaging 0.001 0.001
rs1405437835 T 162,310,809 IFIH1 p.Leu193His probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs749404410 T 162,306,787 IFIH1 p.Pro231Thr benign 0.000 0.001
rs778501846 C 162,306,749 IFIH1 p.Asn243Lys benign 0.000 0.001
rs183412282 G 162,288,189 IFIH1 p.Leu347Phe probably damaging 0.000 0.005
rs72650664 C 162,288,184 IFIH1 p.Lys349Arg benign 0.002 0.002
rs150317197 T 162,288,164 IFIH1 p.Pro356Thr benign 0.001 0.001
rs117608083 C 162,288,137 IFIH1 p.Lys365Glu probably damaging 0.000 0.011
rs140125523 T 162,288,134 IFIH1 0.000 0.001
rs140977021 T 162,282,575 IFIH1 p.Val366Glu probably damaging 0.000 0.004
rs145520044 T 162,282,551 IFIH1 p.Arg374His benign 0.001 0.001
rs10930046 C 162,281,473 IFIH1 p.His460Arg benign 0.015 0.422
rs147000317 A 162,281,371 IFIH1 p.Gly494Val probably damaging 0.000 0.007
rs535192485 C 162,281,336 IFIH1 p.Ile506Val probably damaging 0.000 0.002
rs35337543 G 162,279,995 IFIH1 0.009 0.010
rs756286361 C 162,278,298 IFIH1 p.Met558Val probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs765060493 T 162,278,269 IFIH1 p.Met567Ile benign 0.000 0.001
rs138057665 C 162,278,247 IFIH1 p.Thr575Ala possibly damaging 0.000 0.005
rs553669430 T 162,278,206 IFIH1 p.Ala589SerfsTer21 0.000 0.006
rs145792185 T 162,277,693 IFIH1 p.Ala589Asp probably damaging 0.000 0.002
rs1303348838 G 162,277,669 IFIH1 p.Glu597Ala benign 0.000 0.001
rs1356023008 T 162,277,595 IFIH1 p.Ala622Thr probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs35744605 A 162,277,580 IFIH1 p.Glu627Ter 0.005 0.005
rs550930413 A 162,277,560 IFIH1 p.Glu633Asp probably damaging 0.000 0.004
rs144274375 T 162,277,494 IFIH1 p.Asp655Glu benign 0.000 0.002
rs376074455 A 162,277,463 IFIH1 p.Pro666Ser benign 0.000 0.001
rs773033563 - 162,277,443 IFIH1 p.Asp673IlefsTer5 0.000 0.007
rs569337014 - 162,277,436 IFIH1 p.Arg674PhefsTer3 0.000 0.002
rs1190347967 - 162,276,926 IFIH1 p.Arg689GlyfsTer13 0.000 0.001
rs376420466 G 162,276,924 IFIH1 p.Arg689Ser benign 0.000 0.001
rs72650663 A 162,276,886 IFIH1 p.Thr702Ile benign 0.003 0.007
rs185928139 G 162,276,876 IFIH1 p.Arg705Ser probably damaging 0.000 0.003
rs766238091 A 162,276,799 IFIH1 p.Ala731Val possibly damaging 0.000 0.001
rs201142986 T 162,276,759 IFIH1 p.Phe744Leu probably damaging 0.000 0.004
rs200389061 T 162,276,752 IFIH1 p.Val747Ile benign 0.000 0.013
rs778910754 - 162,276,734 IFIH1 p.His753IlefsTer2 0.000 0.001
rs759430873 - 162,276,692 IFIH1 p.Thr767HisfsTer17 0.000 0.001
rs148369169 T 162,273,887 IFIH1 p.Ala788Thr probably damaging 0.000 0.005
rs778200491 A 162,273,883 IFIH1 p.Thr789Ile probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs3747517 C 162,272,314 IFIH1 p.His843Arg benign 0.726 0.779
rs35667974 C 162,268,127 IFIH1 p.Ile923Val possibly damaging 0.017 0.023
rs140562355 T 162,268,109 IFIH1 p.Val929Ile probably damaging 0.000 0.005
rs35732034 T 162,268,086 IFIH1 0.006 0.013
rs1990760 T 162,267,541 IFIH1 p.Ala946Thr benign 0.619 0.619
rs116508532 C 162,267,516 IFIH1 p.Tyr954Cys probably damaging 0.000 0.001
rs144455277 C 162,267,514 IFIH1 p.Gln955Glu benign 0.001 0.013
rs74162090 A 162,267,316 IFIH1 p.Val988Leu possibly damaging 0.000 0.002
rs528639734 T 162,267,242 IFIH1 p.Asn1012Lys benign 0.000 0.001
rs76564309 G 162,242,973 FAP p.Phe9Ser benign 0.000 0.014
rs201151040 A 162,242,961 FAP p.Thr13Ile benign 0.000 0.005
rs139492630 T 162,225,536 FAP p.Leu78Ile benign 0.000 0.002
rs149591141 G 162,223,651 FAP p.Tyr124His benign 0.001 0.001
rs185902464 A 162,219,893 FAP p.Pro149Leu benign 0.000 0.004
rs78722278 G 162,219,117 FAP p.Phe185Leu benign 0.008 0.010
rs62001031 A 162,218,114 FAP p.Leu212Phe possibly damaging 0.000 0.013
rs79793562 A 162,218,062 FAP p.Thr229Met probably damaging 0.000 0.014
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Functional Variants Details

1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description
Gorman JA 2017 Nat. Immunol. The A946T variant of the RNA sensor IFIH1 mediates an interferon program that limits viral infection but increases the risk for autoimmunity.
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Expression Data Details

1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description
GTEx Consortium 2015 Science Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans.
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Protein and Structure Chemistry Details

1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description
Wu B 2013 Cell Structural basis for dsRNA recognition, filament formation, and antiviral signal activation by MDA5.
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Clinical Results

Phenotype/Gene Associations

Phenotype Gene Source Curator Comment
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 IFIH1 MIM morbid
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 IFIH1 MIM morbid
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Phenotype/Allele Associations

Phenotype Variant Unaudited
Risk Allele
Clinical Signficance Transcript-Impact Genes Source
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777576 A pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777448 0004 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777447 0003 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777575 T pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs672601336 T pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777446 0002 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777446 T pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777445 0001 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777449 A pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777447 C pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777576 0008 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777448 A pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777445 T pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777449 0006 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs587777575 0007 IFIH1 OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 rs672601336 0005 IFIH1 OMIM
Malignant tumor of prostate rs193920867 G uncertain significance IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs41399348 T benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs74162087 T uncertain significance IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs6748554 G benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs147175706 G likely benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs140562355 T benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs367851471 T uncertain significance IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs143870870 C benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs145187664 A benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs35667974 C benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs35337543 G benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs13418718 A benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs766508793 T uncertain significance IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs79324540 T uncertain significance IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs74162089 A benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs376048533 0009 IFIH1 OMIM
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs569337014 likely benign IFIH1 ClinVar
SINGLETON-MERTEN SYNDROME 1 rs376048533 T pathogenic IFIH1 ClinVar
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Clinical Data Details

1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description
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References (23 out of 23 not yet reviewed)

Reviewed 1st Author Year Journal/Site/File Title/Description Curator Comment
2019 https:/​/​clue.io/​repurposing-app Curated information about drugs and drug targets from Broad.
Li Q 2017 Pharmacogenet. Genomics Genome-wide association study of paliperidone efficacy.
2017 http:/​/​www.nealelab.is/​blog/​2017/​7/​19/​rapid-gwas-of-thousands-of-phenotypes-for-337000-samples-in-the-uk-biobank UK Biobank Rapid GWAS
Pettersson M 2017 Am. J. Med. Genet. A Further evidence for specific IFIH1 mutation as a cause of Singleton-Merten syndrome with phenotypic heterogeneity.
Gorman JA 2017 Nat. Immunol. The A946T variant of the RNA sensor IFIH1 mediates an interferon program that limits viral infection but increases the risk for autoimmunity.
Bronson PG 2016 Nat. Genet. Common variants at PVT1, ATG13-AMBRA1, AHI1 and CLEC16A are associated with selective IgA deficiency.
Morris DL 2016 Nat. Genet. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in Chinese and European individuals identifies ten new loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Jin Y 2016 Nat. Genet. Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants.
Bentham J 2015 Nat. Genet. Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Yin X 2015 Nat Commun Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel associations and ethnic heterogeneity of psoriasis susceptibility.
Liu JZ 2015 Nat. Genet. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations.
Baurecht H 2015 Am. J. Hum. Genet. Genome-wide comparative analysis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis gives insight into opposing genetic mechanisms.
GTEx Consortium 2015 Science Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans.
Fairfax BP 2014 Science Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression.
Wu B 2013 Cell Structural basis for dsRNA recognition, filament formation, and antiviral signal activation by MDA5.
Tsoi LC 2012 Nat. Genet. Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity.
Jin Y 2012 Nat. Genet. Genome-wide association analyses identify 13 new susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo.
Jostins L 2012 Nature Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease.
Plagnol V 2011 PLoS Genet. Genome-wide association analysis of autoantibody positivity in type 1 diabetes cases.
Ferreira RC 2010 Nat. Genet. Association of IFIH1 and other autoimmunity risk alleles with selective IgA deficiency.
Barrett JC 2009 Nat. Genet. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes.
Gateva V 2009 Nat. Genet. A large-scale replication study identifies TNIP1, PRDM1, JAZF1, UHRF1BP1 and IL10 as risk loci for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Todd JA 2007 Nat. Genet. Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes.
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